In Vitro Skin Toxicology Irritation, Phototoxicity, Sensitization
Preface
A. Rougier, A.M. Goldber, and H.I. Maibach
Part One: Irritation
General Aspects
Primary Cutaneous Irritation: Clinical, Biology, and Experimental
J.D. Harvell and H.I. Maibach
Bioengineering Methods to Evaluate In Vivo Skin Irritation: Application to In Vitro Irritation
J.D. Harvell and H.I. Maibach
Role of Cutokines in Irritant Contact Dermatitis
G.M. Shivji, A.K. Gupta, and D.N. Sauder
In Vitro Approaches
Physiochemical Methods
Product Classification as Corrosive or Irritant by Measuring pH and Acid/Alkali Reserve
J.R. Young and M.J. How
Influence of PKa on Skin Irritancy Potential of Chemicals
B. Berner, A. Nangia, and H.I. Maibach
Dermal Corrosion, the CORROSITEX System: A DOT Accepted Method to Predict Corrosivity Potential of Test Materials
V.C. Gordon, J.D. HArvell, and H.I. Maibach
The SKINTEX System: An In Vitro Biomacromolecular Assay to Predict In Vivo Dermal Irritation
V.C. Gordon, J.D. Harvell, and H.I. Maibach
The Use of Cell Cultures
Use of Cell Cultures in Irritancy Testing
M. Chamberlain and L. Earl
The Pollen Tube Growth Test: Use in Eye and Skin Irritancy Assessment
U. Kristen, J.P. van Aken, W. Pape, and U. Hoppe
The Silicon Microphysiometer: Use in Ocular and Cutaneous Toxicity Testing
J.D. Harvell, J.C. Owicki, and H.I. Maibach
Measurement of Proinflammatory Mediator Production by Cultured Keratinocytes: A Predictive Assessment of Cutaneous Irritancy
C. Cohen, C. Selvi-Bignon, A. Barbier, A. Rougier, F. Lacheretz, and R. Roguet
The Use of Epidermal and Skin Equivalents
Skin and Epidermal Equivalents: A Review
M. Prunieras
The Use of In Vitro Skin Recombinants to Evaluate Cutaneous Toxicity
M. Ponec
The Living Skin Equivalent in Cutaneous Irritancy Assessment
J.D. HArvell, R. Gay, and H.I. Maibach
Skin2: An In Vitro Human Skin Analog
B. De Wever and L.A. Rheins
The Episkin Model: Successful Reconstruction of Human Epidermis In Vitro
E. Tinois, Q. Gaetani, B. Gayraud, D. Dupont, A. Rougier, and X. Pouradier Duteil
A Reconstituted Human Epidermis to Assess Cutaneous Irritation, Photoirritation, and Photoprotection In Vitro
R. Rouget, C. Cohen, and A. Rougier
The Use of Skin Explants
A Review of the Human In Vitro Skin Corrosivity Test
D.A. Basketter and E. Whittle
Measurement of Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance to Assess the Skin Corrosivity Potential of Chemicals
R.W. Lewis and P.A. Botham
Skin Organ Culture for the Study of Skin Irritancy
F.G. Bartnik and W.F. Pitterman
Part 2: Phototoxicity
General Aspects
Evaluation of Phototoxicity: From In Vitro to In Vivo
A. Moysan, M.A. Miranda, P. Morliere, L. Peno-Mazzarino, D. Averbeck, S. Averbeck, P. Clement-Lacroix, L. Michel, M. Bazin, M. Geze, R. Santus, M. Jeanmougin, J.V. Castell, and L. Dubertret
In Vitro Approaches
Assessing Photoxicity by In Vitro Methods: A Review
W.W. Lovell
A Strategic Approach for In Vitro Photoxicity Testing
W. Pape, U. Pfannenbecker, and W. Diembeck
Photohemolysis Test and Yeast Growth Inhibition Assay to Assess Phototoxic Potential of Chemicals
M. Sugiyama, H. Itagaki, and S. Kato
The Use of Keratinocyte and Fibroblast Cultures to Predict Phototoxicity of Chemicals
K. Maier
The Complement Photoactivation Assay
D.T. Sladowski and M. Balls
First Results of the EC/COLIPA Validation Project “In Vitro Phototoxicity Testing”
M. Liebsch, H. Spielman, M. Balls, M. Brand, B. Doring, J. Dupuis, H.G. Holzhutter, G. Klecak, H. L’Eplattenier, W.W. Lovell, T. Maurer, F Moldenhauer, L. Moore, W.J.W. Pape, U. Pfannenbecker, J. Potthast, O. de Silva, W. Steiling, and A. Willshaw
Part 3: Sensitization
General Aspects
Immunological Principles of Sensitization
C. Hauser and J.-H. Saurat
Early Events in the Induction Phase of Contact Hypersensitivity
J.M. Czernielewski
In Vitro Approaches
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship
Approaches to Structure-Activity Relationships in Skin Sensitization Using CADES
C.C. Sigman, D. Bagheri, and H.I. Maibach
Modeling Allergic Contact Dermatitis
P.S. Magee, J.J. Hostynek, and H.I. Maibach
Structure-Activity Relationships for Skin Sensitization: an Expert System
M.D. Barratt and D.A. Basketter
The Use of Cell Cultures
Cytokine Expression by Epidermal Cell Subpopulations in Allergic Contact Dermatitis
P.R. Bergstresser
Hapten Presentation by Human Epidermal Langerhans Cells In Vitro
C. Moulon, J. Peguet-Navarro, P. Courtellemont, G. Redziniak, and D. Schmitt
Antigen Presentation by Murine Epiermal Cells In Vitro
N. Pineau, K.G. Dossou, and O. de Silva
Secondary T-Cell Response to Haptens In Vitro: A Step Towards an Entirely In Vitro Screening Assay for Contact Sensitizers
J.-F. Nicolas, J.-L. Garrigue, H. Bour, and D. Schmitt
Development of a Predictive In Vitro Test for Detection of Sensitizing Compounds (European Bridge Project)
A. Barbier, E. Rizova, J.L. Stampf, F. Lachertz, F.H.M. Pistoor, J.D. Bos, M.L. Kapsenberg, D. Becker, M. Mohammadzadeh, J. Knop, S. Mabic, and J.-P. Lepoittevin
The Use of Skin Explants
Toxic and Allergic Skin Reactions, Evaluated in Organ-Cultured Full-Thickness Human and Animal Skin Explants
A.M. Dannenberg, Jr. and K.G. Moore
Ex-Vivo Approaches
Cytokine Production and the Local Lymph Node Assay
R.J. Dearman and I. Kimber
The Ex-Vivo Local Nymph Node Assay (LLNA)
O. de Silva, M.J. Perez, and K.G. Dossou
Part 4: In Vitro Skin Toxicology: Present and Future
What Can Be Expected from In Vitro Methods
H.B.W.M. Koeter
Regulatory Aspects in the US Food and Drug Administration
N.L. Wilcox
State of Dermal Validation Studies in the US
F.H. Kruszewski and A.M. Goldberg
The State of Validation in the EC
M. Balls