3Rs Search Hedges 사례

Replacement, Reduction, Refine

[PubMed Search Hedge 활용법]
1. PubMed 접속하기: 먼저 PubMed 웹사이트(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)에 접속합니다.

2. 고급 검색 선택: 검색창 아래에 있는 “Advanced Search(고급 검색)” 링크를 클릭하세요.

3. Search Hedge 붙여넣기: 사용하고 싶은 Search Hedge를 “Query Box”에 복사해서 붙여넣은 다음, “Search(검색)” 버튼을 클릭합니다.

4. 결과 확인: PubMed가 검색 결과 목록을 보여 줍니다.

5. 활용 예시: Search Hedge는 단독으로 사용해서 특정 동물에 대한 논문을 찾을 수도 있고, 다른 검색어와 함께 사용할 수도 있습니다. 예를 들어, Mice 모델에 대한 Replacement 문헌을 찾고 싶다면 다음과 같이 검색할 수 있습니다.
(mice[Title/Abstract] OR mice[MeSH Terms] OR “mice, transgenic”[MeSH Terms] OR mouse[Title/Abstract] OR mus[Title/Abstract] OR murine[Title/Abstract] OR c57b*[Title/Abstract] OR Swiss Webster[Title/Abstract] OR HuPBM[Title/Abstract] OR “Balb-c*”[Title/Abstract] OR “Balb/c*”[Title/Abstract] OR “transgenic mice”[Title/Abstract] OR “humanized mice”[Title/Abstract]) AND ((“Computer Simulation”[Mesh] OR simulation[tiab] OR “Cadaver”[Mesh] OR cadaver[tiab] OR “Culture Techniques”[Mesh] OR “Cells, Cultured”[Mesh] OR “cultured cells”[tiab] OR “cell culture”[tiab] OR “cell cultures”[tiab] OR vitro[tiab] OR “Models, Theoretical”[Mesh] OR model[tiab] OR models[tiab] OR modeling[tiab] OR modelling[tiab] OR “Manikins”[Mesh] OR manikin[tiab] OR manikins[tiab] OR mannequin[tiab] OR mannequins[tiab])) AND ((“Imaging, Three-Dimensional”[Mesh] OR three-dimensional[tiab] OR 3D[tiab] OR 3-D[tiab]) AND (image[tiab] OR images[tiab] OR imaging[tiab]))

위와 같이 내가 수행한 검색에 불리언연산자(AND, OR, NOT)로 Search Hedge를 조합하여 사용합니다.

Replacement

To Replacement
- AND ((“Computer Simulation”[Mesh] OR simulation[tiab] OR “Cadaver”[Mesh] OR cadaver[tiab] OR “Culture Techniques”[Mesh] OR “Cells, Cultured”[Mesh] OR “cultured cells”[tiab] OR “cell culture”[tiab] OR “cell cultures”[tiab] OR vitro[tiab] OR “Models, Theoretical”[Mesh] OR model[tiab] OR models[tiab] OR modeling[tiab] OR modelling[tiab] OR “Manikins”[Mesh] OR manikin[tiab] OR manikins[tiab] OR mannequin[tiab] OR mannequins[tiab])) AND ((“Imaging, Three-Dimensional”[Mesh] OR three-dimensional[tiab] OR 3D[tiab] OR 3-D[tiab]) AND (image[tiab] OR images[tiab] OR imaging[tiab]))

To exclude animals and humans
- NOT (“Animals”[Mesh] OR “Humans”[Mesh])

To include possible non-animal models/methods
- AND ((“Models, Theoretical”[Mesh] NOT “Disease Models, Animal”[Mesh]) OR “Computer Simulation”[Mesh] OR “Cadaver”[Mesh] OR “Culture Techniques”[Mesh] OR “Cells, Cultured”[Mesh] OR “In Vitro “[Publication Type])

To exclude mammals
- AND “Animals” [Mesh] NOT “Mammals”[Mesh]
Alternatives to Animal Use for Assessing Acute Inhalation Toxicity
- AND (“Inhalation”[MeSH] OR “Inhalation Exposure”[MeSH] OR “Lung”[MeSH] OR “Lung Diseases”[MeSH] OR “Epithelium”[MeSH] OR “Respiratory System”[MeSH] OR Lung-epithelium[tiab] OR epithelial-airway[tiab] OR airway-epithelium[tiab] OR inhalation[tiab] OR air-liquid-interface[tiab] OR ALI[tiab] OR acute-inhalation-toxic[tiab] OR inhalation-toxic[tiab] OR respiratory[tiab] OR respiratory-tract[tiab] OR “acute-respiratory-tract-toxicity”[tiab:~2] OR bronchiole-epithelia[tiab] OR pulmonary-toxicity[tiab] OR inhalation-exposure[tiab] OR respiratory-toxic[tiab] OR inhalation-toxicity-test[tiab] OR inhalation-stud[tiab] OR particle-dissolution[tiab] OR short-term-inhalation-study[tiab] OR Intratracheal-instillation[tiab] OR inhaled-compound[tiab] OR inhaled-substance[tiab] OR “upper-respiratory-tract-absorption”[tiab:~0] OR particle-size-distribution[tiab] OR “operator-breathing-measurement”[tiab:~0] OR margin-of-exposure[tiab] OR MOE[tiab]) AND (“Animal Testing Alternatives”[MeSH] OR “Microphysiological Systems”[MeSH] OR “Lab-on-a-chip Devices”[MeSH] OR 3D-cell-culture[tiab] OR lung-epithelial-cell[tiab] OR “Cell Culture Techniques/methods”[MeSH] OR “Cell Line”[MeSH] OR “Cell Line, Tumor”[MeSH] OR “Computer Simulation”[MeSH] OR “Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions”[MeSH] OR “High-Throughput Screening Assays”[MeSH] OR “In Vitro Techniques”[MeSH] OR “Lethal Dose 50″[MeSH] OR “Toxicity Tests”[MeSH] OR “Models, Biological”[MeSH] OR “Models, Statistical”[MeSH] OR “Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship”[MeSH] OR “Reproducibility of Results”[MeSH] OR ex-vivo[tiab] OR in-vitro[tiab] OR in-silico[tiab] OR monolayer[tiab] OR adverse-outcome-pathway[tiab] OR aggregate-exposure-pathway[tiab] OR toxicity-testing-alternative[tiab] OR in-vitro-airway-model[tiab] OR in-vitro-model[tiab] OR LD-50[tiab] OR LC-50[tiab] OR lethal-concentration-50[tiab] OR Integrated-approach-to-testing-and-assessment[tiab] OR Integrated-Approaches-to-Testing-and-Assessment[tiab] OR IATA[tiab] OR quantitative-structure-activity-relationships[tiab] OR QSAR[tiab] OR “organ-on-a-chip”[tiab] OR lung-on-a-chip[tiab] OR “organ chip”[tiab:~4] OR “organs chip”[tiab:~4] OR “organs-chips”[tiab:~4] OR in-vitro-alternative[tiab] OR dosimetry[tiab] OR toxicogenomics[tiab] OR cytotoxicity[tiab] OR alternative-approach[tiab] OR EpiAirway[tiab] OR “globally-harmonized-system-additivity-formula”[tiab:~0] OR “GHS-inhalation-toxicity”[tiab:~4] OR GHS-additivity-formula[tiab] OR 3Rs[tiab] OR replace-reduce-refine[tiab] OR replacement-reduction-refinement[tiab] OR Acute-systemic-toxicity[tiab] OR Air-liquid-interface-culture[tiab] OR Air-liquid-interface-exposure[tiab] OR ALI-culture[tiab] OR Vitrocell[tiab] OR Alternatives[tiab] OR MucilAir[tiab] OR non-animal[tiab] OR nonanimal[tiab] OR in-vitro-human-airway-model[tiab] OR “three-dimensional-human-airway-epithelial-model”[tiab:~0] OR replacing-animal-test[tiab] OR BEAS-2B[tiab] OR “3T3-monolayer-cell-culture”[tiab:~0] OR “point-of-contact-inhalation-toxicity-test”[tiab:~0] OR integrated-testing-strategy[tiab] OR “rat-EpiAirway”[tiab:~4] OR “human-EpiAirway”[tiab:~4] OR epithelial-barrier-integrity[tiab] OR alveolar-cells[tiab] OR 3D-cell-model[tiab] OR three-dimensional-cell-model[tiab] OR two-dimensional-cell-model[tiab] OR two-dimension[tiab] OR 2-D[tiab] OR 2D[tiab] OR “organotypic-culture”[tiab] OR human-airway-epithelial-model[tiab] OR HAEM[tiab] OR “rat-airway-epithelial-model”[tiab:~2] OR RAEM[tiab] OR tissue-viability[tiab] OR transepithelial-electrical-resistance[tiab] OR trans-epithelial-electrical-resistance[tiab] OR TEER[tiab] OR “EpiAirway-prediction-model”[tiab:~0] OR MTT-Assay[tiab] OR global-regulatory-acceptance[tiab] OR “3D-tissue-based-assay”[tiab:~0] OR human-airway-epithelial-cell-model[tiab] OR absorption[tiab] OR in-vitro-toxicokin[tiab] OR absorption-distribution-metabolism-and-excretion[tiab] OR ADME[tiab] OR toxicokinetic model[tiab] OR apparent-permeability-coefficient[tiab] OR risk-assessment[tiab] OR in-vitro-3D-model[tiab] OR toxicity-endpoint[tiab] OR computational-fluid-dynamic[tiab] OR CFD[tiab] OR PSD[tiab] OR human-equivalent-concentration[tiab] OR HECs[tiab])
Alternatives to Animal Use for Assessing Developmental Neurotoxicity
- AND (DNT[Title/Abstract] OR “developmental neurotox”[Title/Abstract] OR “DNT bioactivity”[Title/Abstract] OR “developmental in-vitro neurotoxicity testing”[Title/Abstract] OR “Neurotoxicity Syndromes/embryology”[Mesh] OR “Neurotoxicity Syndromes/congenital”[Mesh] OR “Neurotoxicity Syndromes/etiology”[Mesh] OR “developmental neurotoxicity”[title/abstract:~4] OR “Neurogenesis/drug effects”[Mesh]) AND (“new approach method”[Title/Abstract] OR NAMs[Title/Abstract] OR “DNT testing battery”[Title/Abstract] OR “in-vitro assay”[Title/Abstract] OR “human cell line”[Title/Abstract] OR “network formation assay”[Title/Abstract] OR “microelectrode array”[Title/Abstract] OR “primary rat cortical neuron”[Title/Abstract] OR “in-vitro battery”[Title/Abstract] OR “DNT alternatives”[Title/Abstract] OR “reducing refining replacing”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “alternative test system”[Title/Abstract] OR “non-animal test method”[Title/Abstract] OR “integrated-approach-to-testing-and-assessment”[Title/Abstract] OR “DNT bioactiv”[Title/Abstract] OR “adverse outcome pathway”[Title/Abstract] OR IATA[Title/Abstract] OR NFA[Title/Abstract] OR MEA[Title/Abstract] OR AOP[Title/Abstract] OR “computational toxicology”[Title/Abstract] OR “systems toxicology model”[Title/Abstract] OR DNT-IVB[Title/Abstract] OR Algorithms[Mesh] OR “Animal Use Alternatives”[Mesh] OR “Animal Testing Alternatives”[Mesh] OR “Artificial Intelligence”[Mesh] OR Biological Assay[Mesh] OR Bioprinting[Mesh] OR “Cells, Cultured”[Mesh] OR “Cell Culture Techniques”[Mesh] OR “Cell Culture Techniques, Three Dimensional”[Mesh] OR “Cell Line”[Mesh] OR Cheminformatics[Mesh] OR “Computational Biology”[Mesh] OR “Computational Chemistry”[Mesh] OR “Computer Simulation”[Mesh] OR “Databases, Chemical”[Mesh] OR “High-Throughput Screening Assays”[Mesh] OR “Lab-On-A-Chip Devices”[Mesh] OR “Machine Learning”[Mesh] OR Microfluidics[Mesh] OR “Microfluidic Analytical Techniques”[Mesh] OR “Microphysiological Systems”[Mesh] OR “Organ Culture Techniques”[Mesh] OR Organoids[Mesh] OR “High-Throughput Screening Assays”[Mesh] OR “Logistic Models”[Mesh] OR “Machine Learning”[Mesh] OR “Microfluidic Analytical Techniques”[Mesh] OR “Risk assessment/methods”[Mesh] OR “Small Molecule Libraries/toxicity”[Mesh] OR Software[Mesh] OR “Spheroids, Cellular”[Mesh] OR “Stem Cells”[Mesh] OR “Stem Cell Research”[Mesh] OR “Structure-Activity Relationship”[Mesh] OR “Tissue Culture Techniques”[Mesh] OR “Tissue Engineering/methods”[Mesh] OR “Toxicogenetics/methods”[Mesh] OR “Toxicology/methods”[Mesh] OR “Toxicity Tests/methods”[Mesh] OR “Validation Studies as Topic”[Mesh] OR “3D bioprint”[Title/Abstract] OR “3D cell culture”[Title/Abstract] OR “3D in-vitro model”[Title/Abstract] OR “3D organ”[Title/Abstract] OR “3D tissue”[Title/Abstract] OR 3Rs[Title/Abstract] OR “adverse outcome pathway”[Title/Abstract] OR algorithm[Title/Abstract] OR “animal free”[Title/Abstract] OR “animal use alternative”[Title/Abstract] OR “animal testing alternative”[Title/Abstract] OR “artificial intelligence”[Title/Abstract] OR “brain chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “brain chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “cell chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “cell chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “cells chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “cells chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “human chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “humans chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “humans chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “human chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “lab chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “lab chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “multi-organ-on-a-chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “multi-organs-on-a-chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “multi-organs-on-chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “organ chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “organs chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “organ chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “organs chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “organoid chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “organoid chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “organoids chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “organoids chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “tissue chip”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “tissue chips”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR biocomput[Title/Abstract] OR “bioengineered tissue”[Title/Abstract] OR bioinformatic[Title/Abstract] OR bioprint[Title/Abstract] OR “cell culture”[Title/Abstract] OR “cell line”[Title/Abstract] OR cheminformatics[Title/Abstract] OR “co-culture model”[Title/Abstract] OR “complex in-vitro model”[Title/Abstract] OR “Comparative Toxicogenomics Database”[Title/Abstract] OR “computational biology”[Title/Abstract] OR “computational chemistry”[Title/Abstract] OR “computational method”[Title/Abstract] OR “computational model”[Title/Abstract] OR “computational tool”[Title/Abstract] OR “computational toxicology”[Title/Abstract] OR “computerized model”[Title/Abstract] OR “computer model”[Title/Abstract] OR “computer program”[Title/Abstract] OR “computer simulation”[Title/Abstract] OR “computer tool”[Title/Abstract] OR “culture technique”[Title/Abstract] OR database[Title/Abstract] OR “deep learning”[Title/Abstract] OR “experimental model”[Title/Abstract] OR “exposure science”[Title/Abstract] OR high-throughput[Title/Abstract] OR IATA[Title/Abstract] OR “integrated approaches to testing”[Title/Abstract] OR “in-chemico”[Title/Abstract] OR “in-silico”[Title/Abstract] OR “in-vitro culture”[Title/Abstract] OR “in-vitro model”[Title/Abstract] OR “in-vitro technique”[Title/Abstract] OR “in-vitro test”[Title/Abstract] OR “machine-based method”[Title/Abstract] OR “machine-based model”[Title/Abstract] OR “machine learning”[Title/Abstract] OR “mathematical model”[Title/Abstract] OR “microfluidic analytical technique”[Title/Abstract] OR “microfluidic device”[Title/Abstract] OR “microfluidic model”[Title/Abstract] OR “microfluidic platform”[Title/Abstract] OR “microfluidic system”[Title/Abstract] OR “microfluidic technolog”[Title/Abstract] OR “microphysiological system”[Title/Abstract] OR “multi-organ model”[Title/Abstract] OR “nanochip analytical device”[Title/Abstract] OR “new approach method”[Title/Abstract] OR non-animal[Title/Abstract] OR nonanimal[Title/Abstract] OR omic[Title/Abstract] OR “organ culture”[Title/Abstract] OR organoid[Title/Abstract] OR “organotypic cell culture”[Title/Abstract] OR “organotypic culture”[Title/Abstract] OR “organotypic model”[Title/Abstract] OR PBKD[Title/Abstract] OR “physiologically based kinetic dynamic model”[Title/Abstract] OR “predictive ecotoxicology”[Title/Abstract] OR “predictive model”[Title/Abstract] OR “predictive toxicology”[Title/Abstract] OR read-across[Title/Abstract] OR QSAR[Title/Abstract] OR QSTR[Title/Abstract] OR “quantitative-structure-activity-relationship”[Title/Abstract] OR “quantitative-structure-toxicity-relationship”[Title/Abstract] OR RASAR[Title/Abstract] OR “read across method”[Title/Abstract] OR read-across-structure-activity-relationship[Title/Abstract] OR “sandwich culture”[Title/Abstract] OR simulat[Title/Abstract] OR software[Title/Abstract] OR spheroid[Title/Abstract] OR “STEM cell research”[Title/Abstract] OR “theoretical model”[Title/Abstract] OR “theoretical stud”[Title/Abstract] OR “three-dimensional cell culture”[Title/Abstract] OR “three-dimensional culture”[Title/Abstract] OR “three rs”[Title/Abstract] OR “tissue culture”[Title/Abstract] OR “tissue engineer”[Title/Abstract] OR “toxicity test”[Title/Abstract] OR “toxicology method”[Title/Abstract] OR “toxicological method”[Title/Abstract] OR weight-of-evidence[Title/Abstract] OR “reduce refine replace”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “zebrafish embryo”[Title/Abstract] OR “zebrafish larva”[Title/Abstract] OR “rerio embryo”[Title/Abstract] OR “rerio larva”[Title/Abstract] OR “zebra fish embryo”[Title/Abstract] OR “zebra fish larva”[Title/Abstract] OR “Zebrafish/embryology”[Mesh])
In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation
- AND (BCS[Title/Abstract] OR biopharmaceutics-classification-system[Title/Abstract] OR BDDCS[Title/Abstract] OR biopharmaceutics-drug-disposition-classification-system[Title/Abstract] OR cross-species-extrapolation[Title/Abstract] OR devToxqP[Title/Abstract] OR DevTox-quickPredict[Title/Abstract] OR drug-disposition-classification[Title/Abstract] OR ECCS[Title/Abstract] OR extended-clearance-classification-system[Title/Abstract] OR ECCCS[Title/Abstract] OR ECM[Title/Abstract] OR extended-clearance-model[Title/Abstract] OR “estimate clearance”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimate dose”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimate exposure”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimate vivo”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimate vitro”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimates clearance”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimates dose”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimates exposure”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimates vivo”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimates vitro”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimated clearance”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimated dose”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimated exposure”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimated vivo”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimated vitro”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimation clearance”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimation dose”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimation exposure”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimation vivo”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR “estimation vitro”[Title/Abstract:~5] OR exposure-estimate[Title/Abstract] OR “extrapolation clearance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolation cross-species”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolation metabolism”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolation PK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolation PD”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolation vitro”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolation vivo”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolated clearance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolated cross-species”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolated metabolism”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolated PK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolated PD”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolated vitro”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “extrapolated vivo”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR extrapolation-factor[Title/Abstract] OR extrapolation-model[Title/Abstract] OR extrapolation-value[Title/Abstract] OR Forecasting[MeSH Terms] OR “forecast vitro”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “forecast vivo”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR in-vitro-assay[Title/Abstract] OR in-vitro-biokinetic[Title/Abstract] OR in-vitro-toxicity-data[Title/Abstract] OR in-vitro-method[Title/Abstract] OR in-vivo-developmental-toxicity[Title/Abstract] OR in-vivo-dose-response-curve[Title/Abstract] OR in-vivo-drug-metabolism[Title/Abstract] OR in-vivo-pharmacokinetic-behavior[Title/Abstract] OR in-vivo-pharmacokinetic-behaviour[Title/Abstract] OR in-vivo-response[Title/Abstract] OR Predictive Value of Tests[MeSH Terms] OR “predict bioaccumulation”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict bioactivity”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict clearance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict dose”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict effects”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict kinetics”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict model”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict pharmacokinetic”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict PK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict performance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict response”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predict TK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR predictive-science[Title/Abstract] OR prediction-tool[Title/Abstract] OR “predicted bioactivity”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted clearance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted dose”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted effects”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted kinetics”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted model”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted pharmacokinetic”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted PK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted performance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted response”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predicted TK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive science”[Title/Abstract] OR “predictive bioactivity”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive clearance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive dose”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive effects”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive kinetics”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive model”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive pharmacokinetic”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive PK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive performance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive response”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive TK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “predictive bioactivity”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction clearance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction dose”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction effects”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction kinetics”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction model”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction pharmacokinetic”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction PK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction performance”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction response”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR “prediction TK”[Title/Abstract:~4] OR predictive-science[Title/Abstract] OR prediction-tool[Title/Abstract] OR virtual-population[Title/Abstract]) AND (Animal Use Alternatives[MeSH Terms] OR Animal Testing Alternatives[MeSH Terms] OR Cells[MeSH Terms] OR Cell Line[MeSH Terms] OR chicken-embryo[Title/Abstract] OR Culture Media[MeSH Terms] OR Embryonic Stem Cells[MeSH Terms] OR Embryo, Nonmammalian[MeSH Terms] OR Fishes[MeSH Terms] OR fish-embryo[Title/Abstract] OR Humans[MeSH Terms] OR Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells[MeSH Terms] OR IPSCs[Title/Abstract] OR In Vitro Techniques[MeSH Terms] OR “Zebrafish/embryology”[MeSH Terms] OR NAMs[Title/Abstract] OR new-approach[Title/Abstract] OR nonanimal[Title/Abstract] OR non-animal[Title/Abstract] OR rerio-embryo[Title/Abstract] OR rerio-larva[Title/Abstract] OR stem-cell[Title/Abstract] OR zebrafish-embryo[Title/Abstract] OR zebrafish-larva[Title/Abstract]) AND (Algorithms[MeSH Terms] OR Biokinetic-model[Title/Abstract] OR BMD-model[Title/Abstract] OR Biopharmaceutics[MeSH Terms] OR Computational Biology[MeSH Terms] OR computational-toxicology[Title/Abstract] OR Computer Simulation[MeSH Terms] OR Data Interpretation, Statistical[MeSH Terms] OR Evaluation Studies as Topic[MeSH Terms] OR Expert Systems[MeSH Terms] OR Guidelines as Topic[MeSH Terms] OR High-Throughput Screening Assays[MeSH Terms] OR high-throughput-screen[Title/Abstract] OR high-throughput-test[Title/Abstract] OR in-silico[Title/Abstract] OR KNIME-workflow[Title/Abstract] OR PBPK[Title/Abstract] OR Pharmaceutical Preparations[MeSH Terms] OR Pharmacokinetics[MeSH Terms] OR pharmacokinetics[MeSH Subheading] OR pharmacokinetic[Title/Abstract] OR Physiologically-based-kinetic-model[Title/Abstract] OR Models, Biological[MeSH Terms] OR Models, Chemical[MeSH Terms] OR Models, Theoretical[MeSH Terms] OR predictive-toxicology[Title/Abstract] OR “Small Molecule Libraries/classification”[MeSH Terms] OR “Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacokinetics”[MeSH Terms] OR “Small Molecule Libraries/toxicity”[MeSH Terms] OR Structure-Activity Relationship[MeSH Terms] OR Systems Biology[MeSH Terms] OR “Toxicity Tests/instrumentation”[MeSH Terms] OR “Toxicity Tests/methods”[MeSH Terms] OR “Toxicity Tests/standards”[MeSH Terms] OR “Toxicity Tests/trends”[MeSH Terms] OR toxicodynamic[Title/Abstract] OR toxicokinetic[Title/Abstract] OR “Toxicology/methods”[MeSH Terms] OR Models, Biological[MeSH Terms] OR QSAR[Title/Abstract] OR Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship[MeSH Terms] OR Toxcast[Title/Abstract] OR Toxicokinetics[MeSH Terms] OR toxicokinetic[Title/Abstract]) AND (Absorption[MeSH Terms] OR activity-to-exposure[Title/Abstract] OR Area Under Curve[MeSH Terms] OR area-under-curve[Title/Abstract] OR benchmark-dose[Title/Abstract] OR bioavailability[Title/Abstract] OR Binding Sites[MeSH Terms] OR Biological Availability[MeSH Terms] OR Biological Transport[MeSH Terms] OR Biomarkers[MeSH Terms] OR Biopharmaceutics[MeSH Terms] OR Biotransformation[MeSH Terms] OR biotransformation[Title/Abstract] OR Cell Membrane Permeability[MeSH Terms] OR Cell Survival[MeSH Terms] OR “Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury”[MeSH Terms] OR Chemical Safety[MeSH Terms] OR chemical-safety[Title/Abstract] OR Chemistry[MeSH Subheading] OR clearance-estimate[Title/Abstract] OR clearance-prediction[Title/Abstract] OR cross-species-dosimetry[Title/Abstract] OR Decision Making, Organizational[MeSH Terms] OR Decision Making, Computer-Assisted[MeSH Terms] OR developmental-toxicity[Title/Abstract] OR drug-development[Title/Abstract] OR drug-discovery[Title/Abstract] OR Drug Discovery[MeSH Terms] OR Drug Interactions[MeSH Terms] OR Drug-Drug-Interaction[Title/Abstract] OR Drug Effects[MeSH Subheading] OR “Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions”[MeSH Terms] OR Dose-Response Relationship, Drug[MeSH Terms] OR drug-disposition[Title/Abstract] OR Drug Evaluation, Preclinical[MeSH Terms] OR drug-transport[Title/Abstract] OR Endpoint Determination[MeSH Terms] OR Environmental-Protection-Agency[Title/Abstract] OR EPA[Title/Abstract] OR Feasibility Studies[MeSH Terms] OR Hazardous Substances[MeSH Terms] OR Hydrodynamics[MeSH Terms] OR Inhalation Exposure[MeSH Terms] OR Intestinal Absorption[MeSH Terms] OR Kinetics[MeSH Terms] OR LEC[Title/Abstract] OR LEL[Title/Abstract] OR LOAEL[Title/Abstract] OR lowest-effective-concentration[Title/Abstract] OR lowest-effective-level[Title/Abstract] OR mechanism-of-action[Title/Abstract] OR membrane-transport[Title/Abstract] OR metabolism[MeSH Subheading] OR Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial[MeSH Terms] OR Metabolic Clearance Rate[MeSH Terms] OR Metabolism[MeSH Terms] OR metabolism[Title/Abstract] OR microsomal-protein-per-gram-of-liver[Title/Abstract] OR Molecular Structure[MeSH Terms] OR MPPGL[Title/Abstract] OR National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences[MeSH Terms] OR National-Institute-of-Environmental-Health-Sciences[Title/Abstract] OR National-Toxicology-Program[Title/Abstract] OR NIEHS[Title/Abstract] OR No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level[MeSH Terms] OR NOAEL[Title/Abstract] OR oral-equivalent-dose[Title/Abstract] OR Permeability[MeSH Terms] OR Pharmaceutical Preparations[MeSH Terms] OR Pharmacokinetics[MeSH Terms] OR Pharmacokinetics[MeSH Subheading] OR pharmacokinetic[Title/Abstract] OR Proteins[MeSH Terms] OR Protein Binding[MeSH Terms] OR Protein Kinase Inhibitors[MeSH Terms] OR regulatory[Title/Abstract] OR regulation[Title/Abstract] OR reverse-dosimetry[Title/Abstract] OR Risk Assessment[MeSH Terms] OR risk-assessment[Title/Abstract] OR Risk Factors[MeSH Terms] OR Solubility[MeSH Terms] OR safety-assessment[Title/Abstract] OR Species Specificity[MeSH Terms] OR species-specificity[Title/Abstract] OR threshold-of-toxicological-concern[Title/Abstract] OR Time Factors[MeSH Terms] OR Tissue Distribution[MeSH Terms] OR Toxicity[MeSH Subheading] OR Toxicity-Testing-in-the-21st-Century[Title/Abstract] OR Tox-21[Title/Abstract] OR Toxicology[MeSH Terms] OR TTC[Title/Abstract] OR “United States Dept. of Health and Human Services”[MeSH Terms] OR United States Environmental Protection Agency[MeSH Terms] OR Water Pollutants, Chemical[MeSH Terms]) AND (IVIVE[Title/Abstract] OR QIVIVE[Title/Abstract] OR quantitative-extrapolation[Title/Abstract] OR quantitative-in-vitro-in-vivo-extrapolation[Title/Abstract] OR Quantitative-in-vitro-to-in-vivo-extrapolation[Title/Abstract] OR in-vitro-to-in-vivo-extrapolation[Title/Abstract] OR in-vitro-in-vivo-extrapolation[Title/Abstract] OR in-vitro-to-in-vivo-extrapolation[Title/Abstract] OR (extrapolat[Title/Abstract] AND (in-vitro[Title/Abstract] OR in-vivo[Title/Abstract] OR in-vitro-in-vivo[Title/Abstract])) OR (“predict vitro”[Title/Abstract:~10] AND vivo[Title/Abstract]) OR (“prediction vitro”[Title/Abstract:~10] AND vivo[Title/Abstract]) OR (“predicts vitro”[Title/Abstract:~10] AND vivo[Title/Abstract]) OR (“predicted vitro”[Title/Abstract:~10] AND vivo[Title/Abstract]) OR (“predictions vitro”[Title/Abstract:~10] AND vivo[Title/Abstract]))
Microphysiological Systems
- AND ((“Bioengineering”[Mesh] OR Cell Culture Techniques, Three Dimensional[Mesh] OR Lab-On-A-Chip Devices[Mesh] OR Microfluidics[Mesh] OR Microfluidic Analytical Techniques[Mesh] OR Microphysiological Systems[Mesh] OR Organoids[Mesh] OR Spheroids, Cellular[Mesh] OR “bioengineered tissue”[tiab:~2] OR “on-a-chip”[tiab] OR “on a chip”[tiab] OR “on chip”[tiab] OR “on-chip“[tiab] OR “a-chip”[tiab] OR “a chip”[tiab] OR enteroid[tiab] OR “explant model”[tiab:~2] OR “explant culture”[tiab:~2] OR “in-silico models”[tiab:~2] OR “in-vitro organ”[tiab:~2] OR “lab chip”[tiab:~2] OR microphysiometry[tiab] OR “multi-organ model“[tiab] OR “microfluidic analytical technique“[tiab] OR “microfluidic chip”[tiab:~2] OR “microfluidic culture”[tiab:~2] OR “microfluidic device“[tiab] OR “microfluidic environment”[tiab:~2] OR “microfluidic technolog” OR [tiab] “microfluidic tool“[tiab] OR “microfluidic model“[tiab] OR “microfluidic platform“[tiab] OR “microfluidic system“[tiab] OR “microphysiological system“[tiab] OR “microsphere hydrogel“[tiab] OR “micro-total analysis system“[tiab] OR “micro-tumor model“[tiab] OR “MPS model”[tiab:~4] OR “MPS models”[tiab:~4] OR “MPS platform”[tiab] OR “MPS device“[tiab] OR “MPS system”[tiab:~4] OR “MPS systems”[tiab:~4] OR “nanochip analytical device“[tiab] OR “organ chip“[tiab] OR “organ-chip“[tiab] OR “organotypic cell culture“[tiab] OR “organotypic culture“[tiab] OR “organotypic model“[tiab] OR “scaffold cell culture“[tiab] OR “stem cell organoid”[tiab] OR “tissue bioengineer”[tiab:~2] OR “tissue bioengineering”[tiab:~2] OR “tissue model“[tiab] OR ((3D[tiab] OR 3-D[tiab] OR “three dimensional”[tiab] OR “3-dimensional”[tiab]) AND (“bioprint”[tiab] OR “tissue print“[tiab] OR “cell culture“[tiab] OR “in-vitro model“[tiab] OR “organoid“[tiab] OR “stem cell“[tiab] OR “iPSC” OR “organotypic”[tiab]))) NOT (“Abattoirs”[Mesh])) AND ((3Rs[tiab] OR “alternative to animal model“[tiab] OR “alternatives to animal model“[tiab] OR “alternative to animal testing”[tiab] OR “alternatives to animal testing”[tiab] OR “alternative to animal use”[tiab:~0] OR “alternatives to animal use”[tiab] OR “animal alternative“[tiab] OR “animal-free”[tiab] OR “animal testing alternative“[tiab] OR “Animal Testing Alternatives”[mh] OR “animal use alternative“[tiab] OR Animal Use Alternatives[mh] OR “new approach method“[tiab] OR nonanimal[tiab] OR “non-animal”[tiab] OR “three rs”[tiab] OR “reduction refinement replacement”[tiab:~4] OR “reduce refine replace”[tiab:~4]))

Refinement

To minimize pain
- AND (“Central Nervous System Depressants”[Mesh] OR “Sensory System Agents”[Mesh] OR “Anesthesia and Analgesia”[Mesh])
Pain and/or Stress Prevention and Control
- AND ((“stress, physiological/prevention and control”[MESH] OR “pain/prevention and control”[MESH] OR “stress, physiological/veterinary”[MESH] OR pain/veterinary”[MESH]) AND “animal welfare”[MESH] AND (“animals, laboratory”[MESH] OR “research design”[MESH]))

To minimize complications
- AND (“Intraoperative Complications”[Mesh] OR “Postoperative Complications”[Mesh] OR “Perioperative Care”[Mesh])

To improve animal welfare
- AND “Animal Welfare”[Mesh]

Laboratory Animal Welfare
- AND (“animal welfare”[MESH] AND “animals, laboratory “[MESH]))

Housing, Including Cages and Caging
- AND ((“animal husbandry”[MESH] OR “animal welfare”[MESH] OR “housing, animal”[MESH]) AND “animals, laboratory”[MESH] AND (caging OR cage* OR “housing, animal”[MESH]))

Transgenic Mice
- AND (“mice, transgenic”[MESH] AND (“animal welfare”[MESH] OR “Animal Testing Alternatives”[MESH]))

Handling
- AND (“animals, laboratory”[MESH] AND “animal husbandry”[MESH] AND (“Handling, Psychological”[MESH] OR handling[Text Word]))

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3Rs Search Hedges 사례

Replacement, Reduction, Refine

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